← System Models Integrated
What are these models?
Models that combine multiple parts of the water system — supply, demand, infrastructure, and environment — into a single simulation, often fed by real-time sensor data.
What are they used for?
- System-wide optimisation across supply sources
- Real-time decision support during events
- Testing complex “what if” scenarios
- Long-term strategic planning
Typical inputs
- Supply, demand, infrastructure, and environmental data
- Real-time sensor feeds (SCADA, IoT)
- Weather forecasts and climate projections
- Policy and operational constraints
Typical outputs
- System performance under multiple scenarios
- Optimisation recommendations
- Early warning of emerging risks
- Investment planning insights
Tools & sources
Where these models are used
| Case Study | Tool / Model | What it does |
|---|---|---|
| Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) | Changi WRP digital twin | Real-time simulation of whole plant process with 1,200+ data streams |
| Netherlands Delta Programme | Deltares integrated flood-freshwater models | Combines flood, freshwater, and climate scenarios nationally |
| South–North Water Transfer | SCADA and automated canal control | Manages 1,432 km gravity canal with automated gate systems |
Water • Singapore
Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS)
National provision of water security through used water reclamation via a deep tunnel sewage system and three water reclamation plants.
Water • Netherlands
Netherlands Delta Programme
National climate adaptation strategy protecting the Netherlands from flooding and ensuring freshwater supply through 2100.
Water • China
South–North Water Transfer
The world’s largest water transfer project moving water from the Yangtze to arid northern China across 4,350 km.
Related use cases
Decisions these models support:
- Collect real-time system data — Gather continuous readings from sensors across the water network — pressure, flow, quality, and e...
- Balance supply across multiple sources — Coordinate between reservoirs, groundwater, desalination, and recycled water to meet daily demand...
- Forecast flood risk ahead of events — Use weather forecasts, river data, and hydrological models to predict where and when flooding wil...
- Plan long-term water supply — Assess whether current water sources will meet future demand given population growth, climate cha...
- Transfer water between regions — Move large volumes of water from a water-rich region to a water-scarce one through canals, tunnel...